Artichoke is used for nausea, alcohol-induced hangover, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), edema, and liver dysfunction. It is also used for preventing gallstones and lowering blood pressure. Suggested Usage: Adults: Take 1-3 ml (30-90 drops) 3x daily in a little water on an empty stomach.Medicinal Ingredients (per 1 ml): Globe Artichoke leaf (Cynara scolymus) 250 mg Quality Crude Equivalent (1:4)Non-Medicinal Ingredients: Distilled water, Grain alcohol Cautions: If you are pregnant or if you have gallstones, consult a health care practitioner before use. Consult a health care practitioner if symptoms worsen or persist. Contraindications: Do not use if you have a bile duct obstruction; if you are allergic to plants of the Asteraceae/Compositae/Daisy family.Known Adverse Reactions: Hypersensitivity (e.g. allergy) has been known to occur, in which case discontinue use.